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  What Is Gender? In today's world, the term "gender" comes up in many conversations — from identity and expression to rights and representation. But what exactly is gender? At its core, gender refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, and expectations that a society considers appropriate for men, women, and other gender identities. It is not the same as sex, which refers to biological and physical characteristics such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs. Gender is a social and cultural construct. This means it can vary across different cultures and can change over time. For instance, what it means to be “masculine” or “feminine” today might not be the same as it was 100 years ago — or even ten years ago. Many people identify as male or female, but gender is not always binary. Some people identify as non-binary, genderqueer, or genderfluid, among other identities. These terms reflect experiences that don’t fit neatly into the categories of “man” or “woman....

 The History of Photography in Sri Lanka: A Journey Through the Lens Photography in Sri Lanka has a rich and fascinating history, deeply intertwined with the island’s colonial past, cultural transitions, and modern artistic evolution. From black-and-white portraits taken during the British colonial era to vibrant digital art in today’s creative circles, the Sri Lankan photographic journey reflects the country's diverse identity. Colonial Beginnings Photography was introduced to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in the mid-19th century, during the British colonial period. The earliest photographic processes, such as daguerreotypes and calotypes, were brought by European settlers and visitors. These early photographs primarily documented landscapes, colonial architecture, and portraits of British officials. One of the earliest known photographs of Ceylon dates back to the 1850s. Commercial photography began to grow by the 1860s. Studios were established in cities like Colombo, Galle, and Kandy...

 Understanding the Difference Between Gender and Sex In everyday conversations, the terms sex and gender are often used interchangeably—but they mean very different things. Understanding the distinction is essential for respectful dialogue, inclusive communities, and informed perspectives on identity and equality. What is Sex? Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define humans as male, female, or intersex. These characteristics include chromosomes, hormone levels, reproductive organs, and secondary sexual traits such as facial hair or breast development. Assigned at birth: Doctors typically assign sex based on external anatomy. Categories: Commonly categorized as male, female, or intersex (a natural variation in sex characteristics that doesn’t fit typical definitions of male or female). Sex is biological—but even here, there are variations that challenge the idea of a strict binary. What is Gender? Gender is a social and cultural construct related to...

 "Ayla: The Daughter of War" (2017) - Movie Analysis Director: Can Ulkay Genre: War/Drama/Biography Language: Turkish (with Korean and English parts) Based on: A true story. Plot Summary "Ayla: The Daughter of War" tells the heart-wrenching true story of Turkish sergeant Süleyman Dilbirliği, who during the Korean War (1950–1953) finds a young orphaned Korean girl on the battlefield. He names her Ayla, meaning "halo" or "moonlight" in Turkish. Despite language and cultural barriers, the two form a deep father-daughter bond. When the war ends, political and military restrictions force them apart, leading to decades of separation — until a reunion decades later. Themes 1. Cross-Cultural Connection The film highlights how love and humanity transcend language, nationality, and war. Süleyman and Ayla's bond is a powerful testament to universal emotions. 2. The Innocence of Childhood in War Ayla represents the innocent victims of war. Her presence h...

Bigil (2019): A Mass Entertainer with a Heart Bigil, directed by Atlee and starring Thalapathy Vijay in a dual role, is more than just a sports action drama—it's a celebration of grit, empowerment, and mass entertainment. Released in 2019, the film became one of the highest-grossing Tamil movies of its time, and continues to be remembered for its powerful themes and energetic execution. Plot Overview Bigil follows the story of Michael Rayappan, aka Bigil, a former footballer turned gangster, who is pulled back into the world of sports to coach a struggling women’s football team. The film intertwines his personal journey with the aspirations of the girls he coaches, highlighting issues such as gender discrimination, social inequality, and personal redemption. The story also sheds light on his past, including his close relationship with his father Rayappan (also played by Vijay), a don with a golden heart who wants to see his son succeed in football. Tragedy strikes, altering Michael...

 "Water" (2005) is a powerful and poignant film directed by Deepa Mehta, the third installment in her Elements Trilogy (after Fire and Earth). Set in 1938 India, during British colonial rule and the rise of Gandhi's influence, the film examines the fate of widows in traditional Hindu society. Plot Summary: The story follows Chuyia, an eight-year-old girl who becomes a widow and is sent to an ashram in Varanasi, where widows are forced to live in poverty and celibacy. There she meets Kalyani, a beautiful young widow exploited by the ashram’s matron, and Shakuntala, a devout but conflicted widow. Kalyani falls in love with Narayan, a progressive upper-caste follower of Gandhi, offering hope of change. However, the rigid societal rules and tragic consequences expose the harsh realities for these women. Themes: 1. Oppression of Women: The film harshly criticizes how religious and social customs were used to marginalize widows. Chuyia's fate illustrates the cruelty of chil...

Introduction: Gangubai Kathiawadi, directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, is a powerful biographical drama based on a chapter from the book Mafia Queens of Mumbai by S. Hussain Zaidi. The film narrates the tumultuous life of Gangubai Harjeevandas, a young woman forced into prostitution who rises to power as a mafia matriarch and a political voice for sex workers in Kamathipura, Mumbai. Themes: 1. Empowerment and Agency: At its core, the film is a tale of empowerment. Gangubai transforms from a victim of betrayal to a resilient leader, refusing to be reduced to her circumstances. Her fight for dignity, education, and rights for sex workers echoes broader feminist discourses. 2. Stigma and Society: The narrative highlights the hypocrisy and moral judgment of society. It questions who really gets to decide morality and challenges the audience to confront their own biases about sex work. 3. Power and Politics: Gangubai’s journey into the political arena illustrates how marginalized voices, whe...

The Great Indian Kitchen (2021), directed by Jeo Baby, is a quietly powerful Malayalam film that turns the mundane into the revolutionary. On the surface, it appears to be a simple story about a newly married woman adjusting to her new life in a traditional household. But beneath that simplicity lies a deeply political commentary on patriarchy, gender roles, and the invisibility of women's labor in Indian households. 1. Minimalism That Speaks Volumes The film uses a minimalistic style—long takes, little dialogue, and repetitive sequences—to make the viewer feel the monotony and emotional erosion the protagonist experiences. The kitchen becomes both a literal and symbolic prison, where her aspirations, identity, and individuality are steadily crushed under the weight of tradition. 2. The Power of Repetition Repetition is a cinematic tool used masterfully here. Washing dishes, cleaning floors, and cooking elaborate meals multiple times a day—tasks that are dismissed as “just housewo...

Introduction Sex is a word that carries many meanings and evokes a range of emotions, ideas, and cultural responses. From biology to intimacy, it's a topic that touches every human life. Yet, despite its importance, many people grow up without clear, respectful, or complete information about it. This article breaks down the meaning of sex in a simple, informative way. 1. Biological Sex Biological sex refers to the physical characteristics a person is born with, including chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive anatomy. Typically, people are assigned male or female at birth, though some are born intersex—a natural variation where anatomy doesn't fit typical definitions of male or female. Understanding biological sex is important for health, identity, and social inclusion. It’s also important to recognize that sex and gender are not the same: sex is biological, while gender relates to identity and societal roles. 2. Sexual Activity Sexual activity usually refers to behaviors invo...

  What is news? News is information about current events. This may be provided through many different media: word of mouth, printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events. News is sometimes called "hard news" to differentiate it from soft media. What is Real News? Real news refers to accurate, verified, and objective information that is reported by credible journalists and news organizations. It is based on facts, evidence, and thorough investigation, following journalistic standards of ethics, such as fairness, balance, and impartiality. Real news is essential for keeping the public informed on significant events, issues, and developments in society. It typically comes from trusted sources like reputable newspapers, TV channels, radio stations, and websites that prioritize truthfulness and accountability in their reporting. What is Fake News? Fake news refers to false or misleading information p...

                    Production Values.  "Production values" refer to the overall quality and aesthetic of a media production, such as a film, television show, or live performance. They encompass all the technical and artistic elements that contribute to how polished and professional a project appears. High production values often signal greater investment of resources, while low production values might suggest a more modest budget or less attention to detail. Key components of production values include: 1. Cinematography. The quality of camera work, lighting, framing, and overall visual style. 2. Sound Design. The clarity, richness, and use of sound, including dialogue, sound effects, and music. 3. Editing. The smoothness and precision of how scenes are cut together, pacing, and continuity. 4. Set Design and Locations.  The use of sets, props, and locations to create a believable or visually appealing environment. 5. Costumes a...

  Kaludiya Pokuna in Pitigala is an ancient site located in the Galle District of Sri Lanka. It is known for its serene forest surroundings and an ancient pond (Pokuna) with dark, still water, giving it the name "Kaludiya" which means "black water" in Sinhala. The site is historically significant, as it contains ancient ruins, including remnants of Buddhist monasteries and inscriptions dating back centuries. Kaludiya Pokuna is a peaceful, lesser-known attraction, perfect for those interested in history, archaeology, and nature.

                       A Code Of Ethics. A "Code of Ethics" is a set of principles and guidelines designed to help individuals and organizations conduct themselves in a manner that aligns with core moral values and standards of behavior. It outlines what is considered right and wrong within a particular context, and it is intended to ensure ethical decision-making and accountability. Key Elements of a Code of Ethics. 1. Integrity. Acting with honesty and consistency in all situations. 2. Fairness. Treating all people and situations impartially and without discrimination. 3. Respect.  Valuing others’ opinions, privacy, and dignity. 4. Transparency. Being open and clear about processes, decisions, and policies. 5. Confidentiality. Respecting and protecting private information. 6. Professionalism.  Maintaining competence and striving for excellence in one's field. 7. Accountability.  Taking responsibility for one’s ...

                    Viyali Teledrama. "Viyali Teledrama " is a Sri Lankan teledrama that gained popularity for its unique storyline and strong character development. Analyzing "Viyali" can be done from various perspectives, such as its narrative structure, thematic elements, and audience impact. 1. Plot and Narrative Structure.    "Viyali" follows a dramatic storyline filled with intense emotions, family dynamics, and suspense. It revolves around the complexities of relationships, the struggles of individuals to overcome societal barriers, and the consequences of one's actions. The teledrama's narrative engages the audience with unexpected twists and character arcs that keep viewers invested.   2.Character Development.    The characters in "Viyali" are well-written and multi-dimensional. The main characters display growth throughout the series, facing moral dilemmas, personal conflicts, and emotional traumas. The...